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These approaches to understand the design of architectural space according to the vision of those who have left evidence of architecture, through the history of mankind. This, according to two approaches: the traditional and the modern.
architecture Once understood, it should go back in history to explore and identify its origins in his footsteps. Again, we see that the traditional approach to understanding the history is different from the modern.
For the modern approach, the actual historical period dates back to 6th century BCE. Well beyond this "historic barrier" to the dawn of humanity, Ibn Khaldun offers nomadism and sedentary . For him, physical inactivity is the cause of urbanization.
monuments and architectural sites and urban planning are not always to the glory of mankind, they are often the work of kings systems and "deified" tyrannies sacred generally opposed to the prophets and thinkers of the time.
is a historical phenomenon found in most periods from prehistory to the Renaissance
The architecture is a reflection of civilization, which leads us to determine the notion of civilization .
I - UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE
It is obvious to say that there is no single definition of architecture. However, the traditional approach has a collective and communal. While the modern approach presents a multitude proposed by architects.
1 - Some definitions of architecture
There is no objective view of things in art in which each artist captures the shape and color according to his temperament. For architecture, this finding illustrates the side subjective work. The architect, by his conduct affects various fields.
design "modern" allows multiple definitions, but specific to each architect.
Bruno Taut, upon exposure to unknown architects in Berlin in 1919 says: "Architecture means to us: the invention of pleasing shapes useful for construction ..."
For Le Corbusier: "Architecture is, with raw materials, establish emotional relationships ... The Passion is a drama of inanimate things."
Ricardo PORRO: "Architecture is the creation of a poetic action man."
GROPIUS wrote in 1919: "What is architecture? It is the expression of crystal noblest thoughts of man, his intimate aspirations, his humanity, his faith , religion ... "
Hölderlin says "poetry is to transmute the world in words." In architecture, it is to transmute the world we live in architectural space.
To Regarding the Muslim world, Islamic architecture - Al Bouniane - is designing a framework that respects the strict doctrinal guidance for the action of man and his community. Only it is necessary to address the notion of Al Omran which determines the overall framework for the design of Al Bouniane which is one of its main components.
Al Bouniane can be defined as: "action to produce a space that is likely to facilitate and enable social practice according to legal guidelines and worship. This is a case where the meaning is consistent with the aspirations of men and their space needs as part of a doctrinal vision.
2 - space in architecture, form and content
The interpreter basic architecture is the space. The space changes when its components change. The form of architecture is space.
The form and content are inseparable. The form is part of the The work of art and sensitive content, is that the design expresses the shape. It is in the form that carries the content. They form a totality.
3 - Five aspects of the content
a. The immediate content
The contents are now in a building where its program, its functionality expressed in the form, it is "immediate" because it is closest to the content, the easiest to capture.
b. Tradition
Some deviations of language reflect a kind of degeneration of corresponding ideas. The name "tradition" does not correspond to what is purely human. To truly revitalize
Tradition is the soul of civilization. This is the leitmotif par excellence for universal knowledge like the principles themselves.
When we talk of tradition in architecture, we are not talking about folklore: he is one of the largest of its contents. The tradition goes away when the local culture weakens and ceases to refer to them.
It does not necessarily remain static: it provides, as it has always done, saving elements that should become the seeds of the future world. That authenticity dynamic looming on the horizon of our immediate future.
c. Persuasion
The "persuasion" is when the architecture tries to convince the spectator-witness of any action.
Another form of persuasion exists when attempting architecture, using all the expressive means to convince the witness to any idea.
d. The superimposed image
architecture can play with abstract or concrete representations. There are two possible forms of superimposed images of architecture: the symbol and the figurative image.
symbol
symbol in art is the effort of the artist to find a representation of something that is abstract. For example, the number 4 attached to the square and cube, suggests the idea of universality.
For it is true, the symbol must be an absolute logic. A symbol can mean many things at once and perform several reading levels: by their very structure, the symbols are polyvalent. Is its range of meanings that shape the message of the symbol.
Having great importance in all ancient civilizations, the point-center is at the root of all Islamic art and Bouniane al.
The figurative image
The figuration recalls directly in form something concrete. The figurative image for a goal of enhancing media content.
e. Media content
media content would be in architectural work, expression of the historic moment when it happens. None of the three aspects of the content in the architecture is a condition for its existence, the only ones who would be a sine qua non is the tradition and media content.
A work architecture seeks to become a powerful image of a collective experience, a significant expression of this idea. It becomes a true work of art a witness to the "extreme situation" of those who conceived: contemporaneity.
The dynamism, the expression of technology and vitalism , as themes of this, have continuity.
Since the industrial revolution a general line appears: the disappearance of any principled purpose and the amount of development resources.
Dynamism
is the triumph of a sedentary lifestyle where time, transformed into matter, is quantified and is at the service industry. It is an accentuated design and exclusive inactivity.
Two aspects of dynamism expressed since the 19th century in the West: the exact framework for the movement of witness / spectator and the expression of movement, but freed from the viewer. This framework is used where time is the adaptation of man to machine and its adherence to industry.
expression technology
Since the expression of machine or technology, this theme is changing too, may be involved in dynamic or 3rd theme below.
Vitalism
This theme is the human tendency to assert itself as a living being.
artistic movements develop in reaction against the machine, along with current "scientific" which looks at the life and efforts in psychology: can we materialize the immaterial (soul) by psychoanalysis ?
Lines expressive media content often intermingle and it is sometimes difficult to define the limits of each .
(To be continued)
Since 1750, the revolution i ndustrial is present in England and in mind in France where the thought of the Enlightenment rationalist paves the way for the advent of the machine.
It is customary to call the split between the Middle Ages and modern times Renaissance and Reformation .
The Western world has inherited from previous civilizations. Precursor of the present world situation, it will provide humanity of its factors of modern civilization and reflection resulting in architectural and urban space.
Some reasons rooted in the West have led modern man to perceive science as being opposed to religion. J. Hexclay in his book "Man in the contemporary world" expresses this competition and enmity.
This kind of civilization has separated two natural tendencies rooted, complementary and providing mutual assistance to one another: the tendency of devotion and of knowledge . The man finds himself torn between these two natural and innate tendencies and needs upon them, thereby depriving him of one he aspires to another.
I - THE RENAISSANCE
1 - The break with the tradition of the Middle Ages
The real starting point of modernism is the beginning of the disintegration of the "Christianity" and feudalism. This is the beginning of the formation of nationalities and colonialism.
characteristics of philosophy and science are new :
aspects of the contribution to the development of other civilizations Science and culture in general show the need to change a deeply distorted historical perspective and has made the Middle Ages a parenthesis between the Greco-Roman culture and that of the Renaissance
The influence of Muslim civilization exerted on the West through translations into Latin Muslim works, held in Toledo and Sicily, to send to universities in the West .
3 - The popularization of knowledge
teaching the faith and unity of nature is no longer the basis of knowledge. European universities are all created with two or three centuries of shifting.
The basic inspiration of traditional science is a concept of knowledge which is not the science of archeology "modern".
4 - Humanism
The HUMANISM of
Descartes's work remains the nature of his own life. Animals are for Descartes than machines. For his heir
In view of "modernity " Western ways have become an end. "Science" that is to say an organization means, separated from a meditation on the ends, it becomes even a purpose.
II - THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE RENAISSANCE
The opposition that exists today between the ancient crafts and modern industry is an application of two points of qualitative and quantitative respectively dominant in some and in the other.
1 - Mutation trades
The trades included in the Middle Ages in Western art and nature were truly qualitative. The modern in their concept of art, qualify, and stripped of all practical, activity luxury.
In any civilization traditional sciences, arts and crafts are a ritual character. Since the Renaissance
During the preindustrial situation met the architect alone all the skills, but must now take account of the division of tasks and specializations established techniques in the modern world.
2 - Role of the Architect
is the birth of the profession, the architect of the Renaissance
The architect of the Renaissance
3 - theorists and architects architectural space
For men of the early Renaissance, the space exists as an objective reality outside of human activity.
The construction of the geometric space with architecture was developed in three phases:
4 - architecture of the 17th and 18th century
In individual nations in training, the role of the architect depended on the different religious authorities, or feudal princely / royal and relations. Traditional models are being transformed into national models. The architecture of the 17th and 18th century Europe, the Baroque architecture.
Baroque architecture, is a plural phenomenon whose boundaries are on one side
5 - The Baroque in Italy
In Italy, the Baroque space can be understood only in reference to the ongoing consolidation of the theorists of the Renaissance
Being born in Italy, the Baroque space has its origin in the works of masters of the Renaissance
There were processing the command at a command strictly religious or politico-religious policy. Architects take the urban space itself as a raw material of work.
Baroque architects have gradually removed all existing architectural elements of the code.
Used for themselves, the forms became isolated and used to formally thank you after the novelty of the architect. This is the beginning of formalism in architecture, the notion of aesthetic dates from this period. The Baroque architects have destroyed the spatial structure in general.
In the Rococo period, the space is more amorphous than background on which we expose a jumble of objects. The emphasis on the form of pictorial or sculptural objects. Neo-classicism is not far.
6 -
The spatial coherence and geometric
The space that has really changed under the influence of political power.
The new king's power is reflected at the city by the appearance of a new type:
CONCLUSION
Since what we call the Renaissance
Three concepts emerge:
Article published in the paper edition of Inrockuptibles of February 20, 2011 ,
supplementing the first web version recovery here ...
A new round begins in the battle between the "group Tarnac "indicted for acts of terrorism, police and judges involved in the investigation. After requesting the reclassification of the facts in simple sabotage - refused in May 2009 - cancellation of pleadings - refused in October 2010 - and the implementation of several measures of investigation that might exonerate them - refused or postponed - the indicted pass to the next level.
According to information collected by The Inrocks they will file three complaints (cons X but to clear the officers of the Sub-Directorate terrorism, SDAT) for illegal interceptions, witness tampering and false and usages of forgery of public documents.
Julien Levy Yildune Coupat and hope to demonstrate in court that the minutes of spinning on the night of 7 to 8 November 2008, and successive versions police tending to contradict rather than the confirm, constitute a deception on the SDAT to affirm their guilt without proof.
That night, some twenty officers and SDAT DCRI after a Mercedes occupied by two "members of the anarcho-autonomous" Seine-et-Marne. They see the couple stopped at a pizza parlor, sleeping in the car Trilport then hit the road before parking near a railway in the town of Dhuisy. Then, their vehicle returned to Paris. In the early morning, near where the Mercedes was parked, the passage of the first TGV causes a shower of sparks that attracts the attention of police. The suspects under surveillance have they committed an act of sabotage?
On the basis of the minutes of spinning, now known as the "104 Minutes", Julien Levy Yldune Coupat and are arrested, indicted and imprisoned for direction a conspiracy-oriented terrorist. There were no deaths or injuries, no train was derailed. Or photographs at the scene, or DNA traces, or confessions do not come to prove their guilt. Two and a half years after the initiation of the investigation, ten people were indicted.
The story of that night varies according to police and questioned the contradictions made by the defense. The course of these few hours is unclear whether the judge has demanded the police, one year after the events, they explained the report. They delivered their report in June. "The new performance parts, which should 'clarify' certain points of inconsistent police investigation, have said that new improbabilities " believe the lawyers indicted.
mounting police work or pig? Anyway , the result largely undermines the professionalism of the police terrorism. The temporal impossibilities, inconsistencies and unanswered questions have therefore decided Coupat and Julien Levy Yldune to sue for forgery and use of forgery of public documents. This crime, if committed by persons vested with public authority, may be punished by fifteen years in prison and 225 000 euros fine. They also bear witness tampering complaint: a knowledge Coupat had testified anonymously against them later retracted, speaking of police pressure. A complaint for illegal wiretapping of groceries Tarnac made prior to the start of the preliminary investigation and discovered by chance by an officer of France Telecom, completes the picture.
1. A timely new evidence
few days before the filing of complaints that have come, Le Nouvel Observateur echoes a new track, appropriately communicated by the investigators. In February 2010, the brigade searched the river Marne, 20 km from the TGV routes. She finds two PVC tubes of two meters long, one inside the other by a sleeve covered with adhesive, was used as the pole to hoist the hook on the wire.
No DNA, "hardware" although late, no matter: according to police, the couple would get rid of these tubes in the river during a stop on the way home. Several questions remain: why search the Marne over a year and a half after the fact? How to assign Julien Coupat, no police officer has been out poles and jump into the water, the cash purchase of these items at a time when he escaped scrutiny? Why the police does not mention that she is now the existence of a GPS beacon on the Mercedes, illegal device unless it is authorized by a judge?
2. A witness under pressure?
While the saboteurs are suspected in police custody in November 2008, SDAT shall hear a witness in X, which the press later revealed the identity: Jean-Hugues Bourgeois, an organic farmer from the Puy de Dome. In his deposition, he described the group as Tarnac "a sectarian group whose members have been indoctrinated by Julien Coupat. [...] The latter wants the overthrow of the state through destabilizing actions that could have gone to violent actions ".
A month later, heard in his true identity, it shrinks. In an interview TF1 granted in November 2009, Bourgeois explains that his testimony in X has been requested by the SDAT, and that he signed a statement prepared in advance. These factors motivate the complaint and Yldune Coupat Julien Levy for subornation of perjury, an offense punishable by three years in prison and 45,000 euros fine.
3. A botched reconstruction
Lawyers Group Tarnac that link since the beginning of the investigation the "peculiarities" and "contradictions" of the PV 104 (signed by Lieutenant Handlebars) and additional information (signed by the Lieutenant and Captain Lambert Mancheron), demanded a hue and cry a reconstruction replay last night, attended by judges Thierry Fragnoli, Edmond Brunaud and Yves Jannier , police officers present on that date, check the timing, the positions of each vehicle trips.
If the number of police officials had six SDAT "assisted by a monitoring group of the DCRI, a total score of officials (...) carry a dozen vehicles, motorcycles and unmarked vehicles observation " placed" choke points ", it knows no more. Despite the judge's request to clarify the organization of the spinning, the SDAT invokes "policing techniques that should remain confidential" .
reconstitution took place on the night of 13 to 14 January 2011. Summoned to Dhuisy to 2 am, the lawyers realize that judges are Trilport, 30 miles away. We must join them. Upon arrival, the judges decide to move Dhuisy. It is 3:30, an hour and a half round trips and wasted time. It remains only half an hour to spend on track before the station should not reinvest.
Everyone is tense. Judges refuse to note the submissions of counsel for the record, then yield to force shouting matches. The police on site are not the same as 2008. Those participated in a scenario in camera, ten days before, with the judges but without lawyers. "A dress rehearsal to verify what operations could be inconvenient for the prosecution "by the defense, which denounced in a letter to the judges their" unacceptable bias "and" absence of evidence to discharge the case. " They require a new reconstruction.
4. A pedestrian on the railway tracks?
While some minutes talking about a vehicle parked near the tracks, others suggest a preview pedestrian on the tracks. Lieutenant-Colonel Gosset, a policeman in charge of investigating the damage, said he talked with an officer of the SDAT. The latter had told him "have followed and observed an individual who was stationed at the intersection between the D23 and the TGV East for about twenty minutes between 4:00 and 4:20. This person has gained control of the secure station without being able to detect his actions ".
In the PV 104, no allusion to a pedestrian. The dangers of phone Arab, says the SDAT, which disavows the gendarme force repeated and distorted information, the vehicle parked would become a pedestrian in his mouth. SDAT does not develop the analysis on the second part of the sentence, that the pedestrian-vehicle entered the railroad tracks. Or explain how or Yldune Coupat Julien Levy, monitored by twenty police specialists, could, unseen, out of their car, cross a fence six feet high, and once on the tracks with their headlamps, hoist a rebar with a pole five feet onto the catenary.
5. The location of the car Coupat
Where was parked Mercedes Julien Coupat of 4:00 to 4:20? Since the beginning of the investigation, the police are at a specific location: a service road of the station, just beneath a railway bridge.
However, in that additional information be forwarded to the judge last May, the SDAT is another car on the service road, about a hundred yards from the bridge. For lawyers, "the new positioning of the vehicle is in total contradiction with what was written and supported by all stakeholders procedure ". Other acts of investigation put the Mercedes "Under the Bridge" and even "on deck". And Julien Levy Yldune Coupat, they have always denied being parked near the tracks.
6. Seeking evidence of hazardous
Once the Mercedes part Micmac on police behavior. According to the first PV, they park in its place. According to the new version, they were positioned on the opposite side, "not to pollute places could have been committed an offense." Yet Captain Lambert writes: "No freezing places for preservation of evidence and clues have been made."
Where the police are parked at this moment? How many vehicles? One by the police, two by captain Lambert. Why do not they dig the driveway to find any traces of the passage of Coupat? A team of SDAT then went onto the tracks, looking for possible clues "by stepping over the fence." Two meters high to climb, probably with the help of seven-league boots ...
7. Police and ubiquitous
When Julian Coupat leaves the first track railway, part of the police following him. Officials remained Dhuisy find "a shower of sparks accompanied by a large popping noise" at 5:10, the passage of the first TGV. According to the PV 104 and their subsequent explanations, they go immediately report to their superiors. At 5:25, all police leave the scene towards Trilport to search a trash can in which they saw Julien Coupat throwing things yesterday. They arrive on site in five minutes, that is to say they have traveled the path to 324 km / h on average ... in the trash, the police station hours are supersonic and packaging headlamp.
A statement provided by the telephone demarcation police nevertheless raised doubt. While they are all supposed to have left Dhuisy, the record shows that police have placed calls from this county until 6 o'clock in the morning.